Final defense session of Mr. Yagheesh Kazemi's PhD in Restoration and Architecture

PhD Thesis
Conservation of Astronomical Heritage in Urban Architecture
Identifying and Preserving Astronomical Alignments in the City of Gur and Naqsh-e Jahan Square

Supervisor:
Dr. Gholam-Reza Kiani Dehkiani

Advisor:
Iraj Safaei

By: Yaghesh Kazemi
2025

Abstract
Throughout history, the sky and astronomy have played a significant role in the design and construction of buildings and historical sites. Understanding these astronomical connections can reveal hidden cultural and historical layers of architectural works. The importance of having a deep understanding of the various layers of heritage properties has been emphasized in all international charters and guidelines. A comprehensive evaluation of all values and a complete awareness of the various dimensions of the significance of a site are essential for making informed decisions regarding its preservation and restoration.
The main goal of this research is the protection of astronomical heritage in urban architecture. Identifying and recovering the astronomical features in historical sites, such as Naqsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan and the ancient city of Gur, is vital for preserving the cultural and historical values of these assets. Unfortunately, many conservators and, consequently, urban decision-makers overlook these astronomical dimensions, which can lead to the distortion and loss of these valuable features. This study, through accurate assessment and identification of these features, proposes strategies for their preservation and revitalization.
The research consists of two main sections: conservation guidelines and the recognition of astronomical alignment systems. It draws upon a combination of library research, field observations, and software-based analyses to derive general conclusions and guidelines. The main research methods include “content analysis” and “case study”. The researcher has sought to extract principles and patterns for the protection of astronomical features by examining and analyzing the management plans and documents of several World Heritage Sites with astronomical significance. Thus, the study adopts a qualitative approach. In the case studies section, the researcher investigates the relationship between the orientation of Naqsh-e Jahan Square and astrology, as well as the alignment of the gates of the city of Gur in relation to the positions of the sun and planets. The findings of this research indicate that the preservation of astronomical heritage requires a comprehensive, multidimensional approach that includes the accurate identification and recognition of astronomical features in architectural works and cultural landscapes. In the case of Naqsh-e Jahan Square, the astronomical considerations involved in its design are identified and analyzed, and effective preservation strategies are proposed for safeguarding these values. The astronomical features of the ancient city of Gur are also identified and recognized, and preservation measures for these features are discussed. This research emphasizes the importance of recognizing and understanding astronomical considerations in urban planning and architectural conservation projects, ensuring that not only physical structures but also the astronomical connections and cultural identity of buildings are preserved. Protective strategies must be developed in a way that guarantees the integrity of the property and the relationship between its physical structure and astronomical orientation system is preserved.

Keywords
Astronomical Heritage, Astronomical Alignment, Naqsh-e Jahan Square, Astrology, Sasanian City of Gur